参考文献
1.Vermeulen L，de Sousa e Melo F，Richel DJ，et al.The developing cancer stem-cell model：clinical challenges and opportunities.Lancet Oncol，2012，13（2）：83-89.
2.Huntly BJ，Gilliland DG.Leukaemia stem cells and the evolution of cancer-stem-cell research.Nat.Rev.Cancer，2005，5（4）：311-321.
3.Krivtsov AV，Twomey D，Feng Z，et al.Transformation from committed progenitor to leukaemia stem cell initiated by MLL-AF9.Nature，2006，442（7104）：818-822.
4.Felicetto Ferrara，Charles A Schiffer.Acute myeloid leukaemia in adults.The Lancet，2013，381（9865）：484-495.
5.Reya T，Morrison SJ，Clarke MF，et al.Stem cells，cancer，and cancer stem cells.Nature，2001，414（6859）：105-111.
6.Celis JE，Gromova I，Cabezón T，et al.Identification of a subset of breast carcinomas characterized by expression of cytokeratin 15：relationship between CK15+ progenitor/amplified cells and pre-malignant lesions and invasive disease.Mol Oncol，2007，1（3）：321-349.
7.Hemmati HD，Nakano I，Lazareff JA，et al.Cancerous stem cells can arise from pediatric brain tumors.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A，2003，100（25）：15178-15183.
8.Pece S，Tosoni D，Confalonieri S，et al.Biological and molecular heterogeneity of breast cancers correlates with their cancer stem cell content.Cell，2010，140（1）：62-73.
9.Proia TA，Keller PJ，Gupta PB，et al.Genetic predispositiondirects breast cancer phenotype by dictating progenitor cell fate.Cell Stem Cell，2011，8（2）：149-163.
10.Meyer MJ，Fleming JM，Lin AF，et al.CD44posCD49fhiCD133/2hi defines xenograftinitiating cells in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.Cancer Res，2010，70（11）：4624-4633.
11.Cicalese A，Bonizzi G，Pasi CE，et al.The tumor suppressor p53 regulates polarity of self-renewing divisions in mammary stem cells.Cell，2009，138（6）：1083-1095.
12.Golebiewska A，Brons NH，Bjerkvig R，et al.Critical appraisal of the side population assay in stem cell and cancer stem cell research.Cell Stem Cell，2011，8（2）：136-147.
13.Broadley KW，Hunn MK，Farrand KJ，et al.Side population is not necessary or sufficient for a cancer stem cell phenotype in glioblastoma multiforme.Stem Cells，2011，29（3）：452-461.
14.Pastrana E，Silva-Vargas V，Doetsch F.Eyes wide open：a critical review of sphere-formation as an assay for stem cells.Cell Stem Cell，2011，8（5）：486-498.
15.Yan X，Ma L，Yi D，et al.A CD133-related gene expression signature identifies an aggressive glioblastoma subtype with excessive mutations.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A，2011，108（4）：1591-1596.
16.Beier D，Hau P，Proescholdt M，et al.CD133（+）and CD133（-）glioblastoma-derived cancer stem cells show differential growth characteristics and molecular profiles.Cancer Res，2007，67（9）：4010-4015.
17.Chen R，Nishimura MC，Bumbaca SM，et al.A hierarchy of self-renewing tumor-initiating cell types in glioblastoma.Cancer Cell，2010，17（4）：362-375.
18.Dalerba P，Dylla SJ，Park IK，et al.Phenotypic characterization of human colorectal cancer stem cells.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A，2007，104（24）：10158-1063.
19.Vermeulen L，Todaro M，de Sousa Mello F，et al.Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 is a marker for normal and malignant human colonic stem cells（SC）and tracks SC overpopulation during colon tumorigenesis.Cancer Res，2009，69（8）：3382-3389.
20.Patrawala L，Calhoun-Davis T，Schneider-Broussard R，et al.Hierarchical organization of prostate cancer cells in xenograft tumors：The CD44+α2β1+ cell population is enriched in tumor-initiating cells.Cancer Res，2007，67（14）：6796-6805.
21.Miki J，Furusato B，Li H，et al.Identification of putative stem cell markers，CD133 and CXCR4，in hTERT-immortalized primary nonmalignant and malignant tumor-derived human prostate epithelial cell lines and in prostate cancer specimens.Cancer Res，2007，67（7）：3153-3161.
22.Dubrovska A，Kim S，Salamone RJ，et al.The role of PTEN/Akt/PI3K signaling in the maintenance and viability of prostate cancer stem-like cell populations.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA，2009，106（1）：268-273.
23.Li T，Su Y，Mei Y，et al.ALDH1A1 is a marker for malignant prostate stem cells and predictor of prostate cancer patients’outcome.Lab Invest，2010，90（2）：234-244.
24.Sarry JE，Murphy K，Perry R，et al.Human acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells are rare and heterogeneous when assayed in NOD/SCID/IL2Rγc-deficient mice.J Clin Invest，2011，121（1）：384-395.
25.Park SY，Gönen M，Kim HJ，et al.Cellular and genetic diversity in the progression of in situ human breast carcinomas to an invasive phenotype.J Clin Invest，2010，120（2）：636-644.
26.Proia TA，Keller PJ，Gupta PB，et al.Genetic predisposition directs breast cancer phenotype by dictating progenitor cell fate.Cell Stem Cell，2011，8（2）：149-163.
27.Ricci-Vitiani L，Lombardi DG，Pilozzi E，et al.Identification and expansion of human colon-cancer-initiating cells.Nature，2007，445（7123）：111-115.
28.Mueller MM，Fusenig NE.Friends or foes-bipolar effects of the tumour stroma in cancer.Nat Rev Cancer，2004，4（11）：839-849.
29.L.Yang，G.Xie，Q.Fan，et al.Activation of the hedgehog-signaling pathway in human cancer and the clinical implications.Oncogene，2010，29（4）：469-481.
30.Goetz SC，Anderson KV.The primary cilium：a signalling centre during vertebrate development.Nat Rev Genet，2010，11（5）：331-344.
31.Merchant AA，Matsui W.Targeting Hedgehog-a cancer stem cell pathway.Clin Cancer Res，2010，16（12）：3130-3140.
32.Li C，Heidt DG，Dalerba P，et al.Identification of pancreatic cancer stem cells.Cancer Res，2007，67（3）：1030-1037.
33.Bar EE，Chaudhry A，Lin A，et al.Cyclopamine-mediated hedgehog pathway inhibition depletes stem-like cancer cells in glioblastoma.Stem Cells.Stem Cells，2007，25（10）：2524-2533.
34.Liu S，Dontu G，Mantle ID，et al.Hedgehog signaling and Bmi-1 regulate self-renewal of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells.Cancer Res，2006，66（12）：6063-6071.
35.Lee JT.Epigenetic regulation by long noncoding RNAs.Science，2012，338（6113）：1435-1439.
36.Wang Y，Blelloch R.Cell cycle regulation by MicroRNAs in embryonic stem cells.Cancer Res，2009，69（10）：4093-4096.
37.Petrocca F，Vecchione A，Croce CM.Emerging role of miR-106b-25/miR-17-92 clusters in the control of transforming growth factor beta signaling.Cancer Res，2008，68（20）：8191-8194.
38.Ventura A，Young AG，Winslow MM，et al.Targeted deletion reveals essential and overlapping functions of the miR-17 through 92 family of miRNA clusters.Cell，2008，132（5）：875-886.
39.樊宏斌，叶明.micro-RNA200s在肿瘤转移中的研究进展.中国肿瘤，2012，21（11）：840-844.
40.Shimono Y，Zabala M，Cho RW，et al.Downregulation of miRNA-200c links breast cancer stem cells with normal stem cells.Cell，2009，138（3）：592-603.
41.Wellner U，Schubert J，Burk UC，et al.The EMT-activator ZEB1 promotes tumorigenicity by repressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs.Nat.Cell Biol，11（2009）1487-1495.
42.Yin H，Lin H.An epigenetic activation role of piwi and a piwi-associated piRNA in Drosophila melanogaster.Nature，2007，450（7167）：304-308.
43.Grimaud C，Bantignies F，Pal-Bhadra M，et al.RNAi components are required for nuclear clustering of polycomb group response elements.Cell，2006，124（5）：957-971.
44.Cheng J，Guo JM，Xiao BX，et al.piRNA，the new non-coding RNA，is aberrantly expressed in human cancer cells.Clin Chim Acta，2011，412（17-18）：1621-1625.
45.Siddiqi S，Matushansky I.Piwis and piwi-interacting RNAs in the epigenetics of cancer.J Cell Biochem，2012，113（2）：373-380.
46.Ye Y，Yin DT，Chen L，et al.Identification of Piwil2-like（PL2L）proteins that promote tumorigenesis.PLoS One，2010，5（10）：13406.
47.Siddiqi S，Terry M，Matushansky I.Hiwi mediated tumorigenesis is associated with DNA hypermethylation.PLoS One，2012，7（3）：33711.
48.Yasuda H，Soejima K，Watanabe H，et al.Distinct epigenetic regulation of tumor suppressor genes in putative cancer stem cells of solid tumors.Int J Oncol，2010，37（6）：1537-1546.
49.Roesch A，Fukunaga-Kalabis M，Schmidt EC，et al.A temporarily distinct subpopulation of slow-cycling melanoma cells is required for continuous tumor growth.Cell，2010，141（4）：583-594.
50.Teschendorff AE，Menon U，Gentry-Maharaj A，et al.Age-dependent DNA methylation of genes that are suppressed in stem cells is a hallmark of cancer.Genome Res，2010，20（4）：440-446.
51.Zhang C，Li Z，Cheng Y，et al.CpG island methylator phenotype association with elevated serum alphafetoprotein level in hepatocellular carcinoma.Clin Cancer Res，2007，13（3）：944-952.
52.Jenuwein T，Allis CD.Translating the histone code.Science，2001，293（5532）：1074-1080.
53.Fyodorov DV，Kadonaga JT.The many faces of chromatin remodeling：switching beyond transcription.Cell，2001，106（5）：523-525.
54.Sparmann A，van Lohuizen M.Polycomb silencers control cell fate，development and cancer.Nat Rev Cancer，2006，6（11）：846-856.
55.Pedersen IS，Dervan PA，Broderick D，et al.Frequent loss of imprinting of PEG1/MEST in invasive breast cancer.Cancer Res，1999，59（21）：5449-5451.
56.Yamashita YM，Fuller MT，Jones DL.Signaling in stem cell niches：lessons from the Drosophila germline.J Cell Sci，2005，118（Pt 4）：665-672.
57.Kiger AA，White-Cooper H，Fuller MT.Somatic support cells restrict germline stem cell self-renewal and promote differentiation.Nature，2000，407（6805）：750-754.
58.Tulina N，Matunis E.Control of stem cell self-renewal in Drosophila spermatogenesis by JAK-STAT signaling.Science，2001，294（5551）：2546-2549.
59.Xie T，Spradling AC.A niche maintaining germ line stem cells in the Drosophila ovary.Science，2000，290（5490）：328-330.
60.Yamashita YM，Jones DL，Fuller MT.Orientation of asymmetric stem cell division by the APC tumor suppressor and centrosome.Science，2003，301（5639）：1547-1450.
61.Decotto E，Spradling AC.The Drosophila ovarian and testis stem cell niches：similar somatic stem cells and signals.Dev Cell，2005，9（4）：501-510.
62.Gilbert LA，Hemann MT.DNA Damage-Mediated Induction of a Chemoresistant Niche.Cell，2010，143（3）：355-366.
63.Malanchi I，Santamaria-Martínez A，Susanto E，et al.Interactions between cancer stem cells and their niche govern metastatic colonization.Nature，2011，481（7379）：85-89.
64.Greaves M，Maley CC.Clonal evolution in cancer.Nature，2012，481（7381）：306-313.
65.Sleeman JP，Thiery JP.SnapShot：The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.Cell，2011，145（1）：162.e1.
66.Valastyan S，Weinberg RA.Tumor Metastasis：Molecular Insights and Evolving Paradigms.Cell，2011，147（2）：275-292.
67.Mani SA，Guo W，Liao MJ，et al.The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells.Cell，2008，133（4）：704-715.
68.Kühl SJ，Kühl M.On the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in stem cells.Biochim Biophys Acta，2013，1830（2）：2297-2306.
69.Duelli D，Lazebnik Y.Cell-to-cell fusion as a link between viruses and cancer.Nat Rev Cancer，2007，7（12）：968-976.
70.Shemer G，Podbilewicz B.The story of cell fusion：big lessons from little worms.Bioessays，2003，25（7）：672-682.
71.Ma L，Teruya-Feldstein J，Weinberg RA.Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer.Nature，2007，449：682-688.
72.Camargo FD，Chambers SM，Goodell MA.Stem cell plasticity：from transdifferentiation to macrophage fusion.Cell Prolif，2004，37（1）：55-65.
73.Pawelek J，Chakraborty A，Lazova R，et al.Co-opting macrophage traits in cancer progression：a consequence of tumor cell fusion? Contrib.Microbiol.Contrib Microbiol，2006，13：138-155.
74.Singh SK，Clarke ID，Hide T，et al.Cancer stem cells in nervous system tumors.Oncogene，2004，23（43）：7267-7273.
75.Duelli DM，Padilla-Nash HM，Berman D，et al.A virus causes cancer by inducing massive chromosomal instability through cell fusion.Curr Biol，2007，17（5）：431-437.
76.Rustom A，Saffrich R，Markovic I，et al.Nanotubular highways for intercellular organelle transport.Science，2004，303（5660）：1007-1010.
77.Houghton J，Stoicov C，Nomura S，et al.Gastric cancer originating from bone marrow-derived cells.Science，2004，306（5701）：1568-1571.
78.Chakraborty AK，Sodi S，Rachkovsky M，et al.A spontaneous murine melanoma lung metastasis comprised of host x tumor hybrids.Cancer Res，2000，60（9）：2512-2519.
79.Alison MR，Lovell MJ，Direkze NC，et al.Stem cell plasticity and tumour formation.Eur J Cancer，2006，42（9）：1247-1256.
80.Andersen TL，Boissy P，Sondergaard TE，et al.Osteoclast nuclei of myeloma patients show chromosome translocations specific for the myeloma cell clone：a new type of cancer-host partnership? J Pathol，2007，211（1）：10-17.
81.Chakraborty A，Lazova R，Davies S，et al.Donor DNA in a renal cell carcinoma metastasis from a bone marrow transplant recipient.Bone Marrow Transplant，2004，34（2）：183-186.
82.Cogle CR，Theise ND，Fu D，et al.Bone marrow contributes to epithelial cancers in mice and humans as developmental mimicry.Stem Cells，2007，25（8）：1881-1887.
83.Wang Y，Fan H，Zhou B，et al.Fusion of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells with esophageal carcinoma cells inhibits the tumorigenicity of esophageal carcinoma cells.Int J Oncol，2012，40（2）：370-377.