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第三节 空间计量经济学理论方法在中国的应用前景与进一步研究的问题
空间计量经济学的理论方法自21世纪初引进中国,虽然只有短短几年的时间,但发展迅速。特别是在应用领域,空间计量经济学的理论方法在中国具有广泛的应用基础和应用前景。例如,在20世纪末,基于空间变量最优无偏估值的地质统计学、基于物种空间扩散过程的生物地理统计学,以及基于空间有效样本与动态采样的空间统计学等学科在相关领域得到广泛应用。而且基于遥感技术与地理信息系统技术的地理位置数据采集工作的展开,以及具有空间属性的社会经济大型数据库和地理编码数据库的构造,为空间计量经济学理论方法在中国的实际应用奠定了坚实基础。
以经济理论为依据,从时间维度和空间维度综合分析经济现象是经济学研究的重要趋势。在涉及研究与空间位置有关的经济问题时,空间计量经济学的理论方法具有广泛的应用前景,包括如下方面。(1)空间均衡和福利效应分析。利用空间计量经济模型可以分析要素流动、工资水平、住房成本、城市规模的动态变化对整体福利的影响。(2)区域发展的效率与公平的权衡分析。针对目标地理空间区域的空间政策通过税补贴、公共投资、特定规则和管制等形式可以提高整体福利水平和效率,而针对特定的群体或低收入家庭的基于人的政策可能产生低效率,因此,如何权衡发展中的效率与公平,是空间政策成功制定的关键。(3)区域政策分析。区域经济活动之间不仅存在相关性与异质性,而且还存在相互作用方向及影响强度的差异。这意味着相同的政策对不同区域的影响是不同的。因此,在制定政策时应该考虑不同区域政策存在的相互作用影响,不仅要考虑本区域的自身要素条件,还要分析和利用周边区域的要素条件。运用空间计量经济学的理论方法分析不同政策在各区域作用的关系,有利于达到最佳政策制定的效果。(4)空间区位选择和空间插值分析。利用经济活动空间相关性的特征,通过空间计量经济学对相邻单元之间作用关系的分析,可以利用这种相关性对经济活动进行最佳区位选择,也可以利用空间抽样的布点方式,对缺失数据进行空间插值。(5)区域之间的相互作用关系分析。区域经济活动之间的相互作用存在着不对称性,也就是说,存在相互影响强度的差异。应用空间计量经济学的方法可以对这种作用关系进行定量分析。(6)房地产价值评估。应用空间计量经济学的方法可以评估区域周边地区的土地价值、要素流动、宜居性对地产价值的影响,正确评价房地产价值等。此外,在投资与贸易、物流与运输、环境治理、气候变化等领域空间计量经济学都具有广泛的应用前景。
空间计量经济学的理论基础是空间效应的空间相依性和异质性,但在目前的文献中,空间权重矩阵仅仅反映的是地理相邻性或社会经济的相邻性,没有将异质性体现在空间权重矩阵中的研究,而是仅仅通过地理加权模型反映空间效应的异质性。另外,也没有反映邻近单元之间相互作用的强度、不对称性、方向性的特征,以及空间效应随距离衰减的变异性特征。因此,如何将空间相依性、异质性、变异性、空间相互作用强度和方向性的特征体现在空间权重矩阵中是空间计量经济学理论方法进一步研究的重要课题。空间权重矩阵中的空间单元往往具有多维度的空间相依性,而不是像时间序列分析那样仅仅有一个维度,如何在模型设定中应用空间变差函数反映多维度空间单元的相依性,提高空间计量模型参数估计的有效性,这是空间分析的难点。
此外,由于样本统计特征的问题,空间效应的非参数检验和空间贝叶斯模型是目前空间经济计量学研究的热点问题。最后,就是如何将时间维度和空间维度很好地体现在模型的设定中,以及相应的模型参数估计的渐近性、模型设定准则,以及各种检验方法等的研究是空间计量经济学理论方法进一步研究的课题。
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